掌握“Keep”的短语动词:终极指南与实践
你好!作为一名英语老师,我经常遇到学生们对短语动词感到头疼。尤其是像“keep”这样看似简单的词,一旦加上不同的介词或副词,意思就千变万化!别担心,今天我们就来个“Keep”短语动词的大起底,让你彻底搞懂它们,并在日常交流中自信使用。
为什么“Keep”短语动词如此重要?
短语动词(Phrasal Verbs)是英语口语和非正式写作中的基石。它们能让你的表达更地道、更生动。根据《剑桥英语语料库》的数据,短语动词在日常对话中出现的频率非常高,掌握它们是达到 B2(中高级)及以上水平的关键一步。很多雅思(IELTS)、托业(TOEIC)和剑桥英语考试都会考察短语动词的理解和运用。
我的学生们,比如来自日本的Akiko,她告诉我,在练习口语时,她总是能听懂别人说“keep on trying”,但自己说出来就觉得很别扭,或者干脆说“continue to try”,虽然意思没错,但听起来就没那么自然。这正是短语动词的魅力所在——它们是地道英语的“润滑剂”。
核心“Keep”短语动词解析
我们先来拆解几个最常用、最核心的“Keep”短语动词。记住,理解它们的意思,然后多加练习,才是王道!
Keep on / Keep + -ing:持续做某事
这是最常见的一个!它表示不停止地做某事,强调动作的连续性。你可以把它理解为“继续”、“坚持”。
- 含义: To continue doing something; to not stop doing something.
- 例句:
- "Don't give up! Just keep on practicing your English every day." (别放弃!每天继续练习你的英语吧。)
- "The rain kept on falling all night." (雨下了一整夜。)
- "She kept singing on even though she was tired." (尽管她累了,但她还是继续唱着。)
- 语言点: “Keep on”后面可以直接跟名词或代词,表示持续关注某人/某物。例如:“Keep an eye on the baby.” (看好孩子。)
真实案例: 我有个学生叫 David,他刚开始学英语时,觉得每天背单词很枯燥,很容易放弃。我建议他把“背单词”变成一个习惯,每天只背 5-10 个,并且一定要“keep on doing it”。几个月后,他词汇量有了显著提升,而且不再害怕背单词了。他自己也说:“It’s not that hard if I just keep on doing it little by little.” (如果我一点点坚持做下去,其实没那么难。) 这就是“keep on”的力量!
Keep up:跟上(速度、水平等)
这个短语动词非常实用,尤其是在学习、工作或参加活动时。它表示保持与他人相同的速度、水平或进度。
- 含义: To move or progress at the same rate as someone or something else.
- 例句:
- "The pace of the class is quite fast; I'm finding it hard to keep up." (班级的节奏很快,我发现很难跟上。)
- "Try to keep up with the latest technology trends." (试着跟上最新的科技趋势。)
- "He's a fast runner, so you'll have to run quickly to keep up with him." (他跑得很快,所以你得跑快点才能跟上他。)
- 语言点: “Keep up with”后面通常会跟上具体的事物,比如“keep up with the news”(跟上新闻)、“keep up with your friends”(跟上朋友的进度)。
我的教学经验: 在教授商务英语时,我经常会提到“keeping up with the market”(跟上市场)。很多公司面临的挑战就是如何快速适应市场变化。我给学员们布置了一个小任务:每周阅读一篇关于行业动态的英文文章,并尝试用“keep up with”来总结。一位学员 Maria 告诉我,这个练习让她不仅提升了阅读能力,还对行业有了更深的理解,她表示:“This exercise really helps me to keep up with what's happening in my field.” (这个练习真的帮助我跟上了我所在领域的动态。)
Keep out:不让进入,置身事外
这个短语动词表示阻止某人或某物进入某个地方,或者表示自己不参与某事,保持距离。
- 含义: To prevent someone or something from entering a place; to stay away from something.
- 例句:
- "Please keep out of the construction area; it's dangerous." (请不要进入施工区域;那里很危险。)
- "I want to keep out of this argument; it's none of my business." (我想置身事外,这不关我的事。)
- "The new policy is designed to keep unauthorized personnel out." (新政策旨在阻止未经授权的人员进入。)
- 语言点: “Keep someone/something out of something”是常见的搭配,表示把某人/某物挡在某事之外。
一个有趣的例子: 很多家庭会在门口贴上“Keep Out”的牌子,尤其是在有宠物或孩子的地方,比如“Keep out of the garden”(花园禁止入内)。这是一种非常直接的沟通方式。
Keep away:远离,不接近
与“keep out”有些相似,但“keep away”更侧重于保持距离,不让某人或某物靠近。
- 含义: To stay at a distance from someone or something; to prevent someone or something from coming near.
- 例句:
- "Keep away from the hot stove; you might get burned." (远离那只热炉子;你会被烫伤。)
- "The doctor advised him to keep away from unhealthy food." (医生建议他远离不健康的食物。)
- "Try to keep away from people who spread negativity." (尽量远离那些散播负能量的人。)
我的个人体会: 刚来中国时,我对当地的一些食物很好奇,但也有一些因为我肠胃比较敏感,医生就告诫我“keep away from spicy food”。虽然我很想尝试,但为了健康,我还是得“keep away”。这让我深刻体会到,有时候“远离”是为了更好地“接近”健康和安全。
Keep down:压制,控制(数量、音量等);不呕吐
这个短语动词有两个主要意思,一个是控制某个事物的增长或传播,另一个是生理上的不呕吐。
- 含义 1: To prevent something from increasing or spreading; to control.
- 含义 2: To avoid vomiting.
- 例句 1:
- "The government is trying to keep down inflation." (政府正试图抑制通货膨胀。)
- "Can you please keep down the noise? My baby is sleeping." (你能把声音放低点吗?我的宝宝在睡觉。)
- "It's important to keep down the number of accidents." (控制事故数量很重要。)
- 例句 2:
- "I ate too much and couldn't keep down my dinner." (我吃得太多了,晚餐都没能消化。)
- "After the surgery, he could barely keep down any food." (手术后,他几乎吃不下任何东西。)
一个生活小场景: 想象一下,你在一个安静的图书馆学习,旁边的人一直在大声打电话。你可能会小声说:“Could you please keep down your voice?” (你能把声音压低点吗?) 这就是“keep down”在实际生活中的应用。
进阶“Keep”短语动词(让你更地道!)
掌握了核心的几个,我们再来看几个能让你的英语更上一层楼的短语动词。
Keep back:隐瞒,不透露
表示不告诉别人信息,有所保留。
- 含义: To not tell someone something; to hold information back.
- 例句:
- "She seemed to be keeping something back from us." (她似乎对我们有所隐瞒。)
- "Don't keep back any important details; tell us everything." (不要隐瞒任何重要细节;告诉我们所有事情。)
Keep off:不吃(某种食物),不碰
多用于饮食方面,表示为了健康或其他原因而避免吃某种食物。
- 含义: To avoid eating a particular food.
- 例句:
- "My doctor told me to keep off sugar." (我的医生告诉我要戒糖。)
- "She's trying to keep off dairy products for a while." (她正打算暂时不吃乳制品。)
Keep over:留宿
指让客人留在自己家过夜。
- 含义: To allow a guest to stay overnight at your home.
- 例句:
- "We decided to keep our friends over for the night." (我们决定让朋友们留宿一晚。)
- "Can I keep my cousin over this weekend?" (这个周末我可以让我表弟/表妹留宿吗?)
常见错误与避免方法
在学习短语动词时,我们常常会犯一些小错误,这里列举几个,希望能帮助你避坑!
- 混淆“Keep out”和“Keep away”:
- 错误: "Please keep out from the wet paint." (湿油漆请远离。)
- 正确: "Please keep away from the wet paint." (湿油漆请远离。)
- 解释: “Keep out”更侧重于阻止进入某个区域,而“keep away”是保持距离。远离湿油漆,是保持距离,所以用“keep away”。
- 忽略“Keep on + -ing”的结构:
- 错误: "He kept to study English."
- 正确: "He kept on studying English."
- 解释: “Keep on”后面跟动词时,需要用动名词(-ing形式)。
- 对“Keep up”的误用:
- 错误: "I can't keep up the speed."
- 正确: "I can't keep up with the speed."
- 解释: “Keep up”通常需要跟“with”来表示跟上“某事”或“某人”。
实践练习:让“Keep”真正属于你!
光说不练假把式!下面这些练习,希望能帮助你巩固今天学到的知识。
练习 1:选择题
请选择最合适的短语动词填空:
- The teacher told the students to ______ their hands up if they had a question. (keep on / keep down / keep back)
- It's important to ______ from junk food if you want to lose weight. (keep over / keep away / keep out)
- She ______ singing until she reached the final note. (kept on / kept up / kept off)
- He's so good at math; I can't ______ him. (keep down / keep back / keep up with)
- Please ______ this conversation; it's private. (keep out of / keep away from / keep on)
练习 2:造句练习
请用以下短语动词各造一个句子,描述你自己的经历或想法:
- Keep on + -ing
- Keep up with
- Keep out of
- Keep away from
练习 3:情景对话
试着和你学习伙伴或朋友进行一段简短的对话,包含至少两个“Keep”短语动词。
例如:
A: I'm so tired of studying for this exam.
B: I know, but we have to keep on studying. The exam is next week!
A: Yeah, you're right. I'm trying to keep up with all the new material, but it's difficult.
一个成功案例: 我曾经指导过一位名叫 Sarah 的学员,她的目标是提高商务谈判能力。在谈判中,她发现自己总是容易被对方牵着鼻子走,无法坚持自己的立场。我们一起分析了她的录音,发现她经常在关键时刻妥协。我教她使用“stand firm”和“don't back down”等表达,但更重要的是,在练习中,我们模拟了很多谈判场景,让她反复练习“keep your position back” (坚持你的立场,不要透露太多信息) 和“keep up the pressure” (保持压力)。经过几周的刻苦练习,她在一次重要的合同谈判中,成功地坚持住了关键条款,并为公司争取到了更好的条件。她激动地告诉我:“This practice really helped me to keep back important concessions and keep up the negotiation momentum!” (这次练习真的帮助我保住了重要的让步,并保持了谈判的势头!)
记住,语言学习是一个持续的过程,就像“keep on”一样,只要你坚持下去,不断练习,总有一天你会发现,这些“Keep”短语动词就像老朋友一样,自然地出现在你的口语和写作中!